Patrón / Pattern

Every city has its intimate pattern: the streets, squares, and other openings that make building accesible and liable. In ancient cities and those of North America today the pattenrn is highly irregular. (Lynch, 1954).

In part two we present some of the 67 general design principles which we call patterns. These patterns describe, in abstract sense, the lessons which a Peruvian architect might learn from our designs, and could re-use, over and over again, in his own designs. (Alexander, 1971:84)

A city is a pattern in time (Holland, 1995:1).

The pattern represents a continuity: the deliberate application of something already done. Yet each instance of the pattern may involve a different decision, agent place, or time. over time, different interventions introduce variation as a natural by-product of freedom of execution and interpretation, within the rules governing each pattern. (Habraken, 1998:238-239)

Historia de signos mudos construidos a partir de la conducta colectiva de grupos mas pequeños, difícilmente detectados por quienes no pertenecen al grupo. (Johnson, 2003:39)

Los átomos de la estructura del medio ambiente son relaciones. Las relaciones son patterns geométricos. (...) Una lista de las relaciones que se requieren en un edificio reemplaza el programa de diseño (o brief) y las primeras etapas de croquis. (Alexander, 1980:75)

Bibliografía

• Alexander, Christopher (1966) The Pattern of Streets. En Journal of the American Planning Association. September, pp.273-279.
• Carson, Daniel H. (1967) Comments on The Pattern of Streets. En Journal of the American Planning Association. November, pp.409-414
• Alexander, Christopher y otros (1969) Houses generated by patterns. Berkeley, CA: Center for Environmental Structure. Buy.
• Alexander, Christopher (1971) Houses generated by patterns. En Architects Year Book Volume 13: The Growth of Cities, David Lewis (editor). New York: Wiley-Interscience. pp.84-114.
• Alexander, Christopher (1974) A Collection of Patterns which Generate Multi-Service Centres. En Architects Year Book Volume 14, David Lewis (editor). New York: Wiley-Interscience. pp. 141-180.
• Lynch, Kevin (1954) The Form of the Cities. En Scientific American 190, no. 4, pp. 54-63. Reimpreso en City Sense and City Design: Writings and Projects of Kevin Lynch (1990) Tridib Banerjee y Michael Southworth (Eds.) . Cambridge: MIT Press. pp.47-64. Buy TOC
• Lynch, Kevin (1961) The Pattern of the Metropolis. En Daedalus, 90, no.1, pp. 79-98. Reimpreso en City Sense and City Design: Writings and Projects of Kevin Lynch (1990, 1996) Tridib Banerjee y Michael Southworth (Eds.) . Cambridge: MIT Press. pp.35-46. Buy TOC
• Poulton, Michael (1982) The Best Pattern of Residential Streets. En Journal of the American Planning Association. 48, 4. December, pp.466-480.
• Turner, J. C. (1968) Housing Priorities, Settlement Patterns, and Urban Development in Modernizing Countries. En Journal of the American Planning Association. 34, 6. November, pp. 354-363.

Complexity, Emergence and Self-Organized

• ACADIA 2008 Session Oct. 17th (HTML)

Complejidad :: Complexity

To illustrate urban complexity, we will examine the structure of cities in their nonfractal states, even if they are hypothetical and do not exist in reality, as this enables us to demostrate properties of their fractal organization. (Batty, 2005:478)

Complejidad organizada, macroconducta particular con forma específica y con patrón identificable en el tiempo. (Johnson, 2003:48)

Terminología

• Complexity Wikipedia

Bibliografía

• Batty, Michael (2005) Cities and Complexity. Understanding Cities with Cellular Automata, Agent-Based Models, and Fractals. Cambridge: MIT Press. Look Inside :: Buy
• Heylighen, Francis (1989) Self-Organization, Emergence and the Architecture of Complexity. In Proceedings of the European Congress on System Science. Paris: AFCET . PDF
• Holland, John (1995) Hidden Order: How Adaptation Builds Complexity. New York: Perseus Book. Look Inside :: Buy
• Rapoport, Amos y Kantor, Robert (1969) Complexity and Ambiguity in Environmental Design. En Journal of the American Planning Association, 33, 4. March, pp. 210-221.
• Rapoport, Amos y Hawkes, Ron (1970) The Perception Of Urban Complexity. En Journal of the American Planning Association, 36, 2. March, pp. 106-111.

Sistemas emergentes :: Emergence

Terminología

• Emergencia :: Emergence :: 創発 Wikipedia
• When the whole is greater than the sum of the parts, we call that phenomenon emergence. (Morowitz, 2002). The behavior of the whole is much more complex than the behavior of the parts (Holland, 1998: 2).
• Los sistemas complejos son descritos en términos de interacciones de sistemas simples (...) para entender el todo se analiza un proceso en sus partes y se estudia en isolación. (Holland, 1998:13)
• La emergencia no involucra la actividad, sino la interacción. (Holland, 1998:14)

Fenomeno :: Emergent Phenomena (Holland, 1998:2-3)

• Ethical systems, evolution of nations, spread of ideas come to mind, ant colonies, network of neurons, the inmune system, the internet, global economy.

Bibliografía

• Holland, John (1998) Emergence. From Chaos to Order. New York: Perseus Book. Review :: Look Inside :: Buy
• Johnson, Steven (2001) Emergence. The connected Lives of Ants, Brains, Cities and Software. Review :: Look Inside :: Buy
• Johnson, Steven (2003) Sistemas emergentes. O que tienen en común hormigas, neuronas, ciudades y software. México DF.: Fondo de Cultura Económica. Introducción
• Johnson, Steven (2003-2009) http://www.stevenberlinjohnson.com/
• Morowitz, Harold J. (2002) The Emergence of everything: How the world became complex. New York: Oxford University Press. Review :: Look Inside :: Buy
• Weinstock, Michael (2009) The Architecture of Emergence: The Evolution of Form in Nature and Civilisation. New York: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9780470066331 Buy

Blog: ¿Quien reseña y escribe?

• Sistemas emergentes: Modelos de simulacion urbana (2007) Javier Ruiz-Tagle
• Exploring Emergence (1996) MIT Media Lab
• Sistemas emergentes (2007) PFC Blog
• Emergence, Generación y Producción (2009) pablo Kobayashi

Auto Organización :: Self organization

The theory of self-organized criticality developed largely by Bak (1996) is based on the notion that systems evolve, usually through growth, to a highly organized state that is critical. (Batty, 2005:478)

Terminología

• Auto organización :: Self organization :: 自己組織化 Wikipedia
• Acciones locales no coordinadas en donde emergen patrones mayores (Johnson, 2003:38). Mecanismos generales para generar complejidad.

Bibliografía

• Bak, Per (1996) How nature works: The science of self-organized critically. New York: Springer-Verlag. Review :: Look Inside :: Buy
• Heylighen, Francis (2008), Complexity and Self-Organization, in Bates, Marcia J.; Maack, Mary Niles, Encyclopedia of Library and Information Sciences, CRC, ISBN 9780849397127 .
• Kauffman, Stuart (1993) The Origins of Order: Self-Organization and Selection in Evolution. New York: Oxford University Press. Look inside :: buy
• Kauffman, Stuart (1995) At Home in the Universe: The Search for the Laws of Self-Organization and Complexity. New York: Oxford University Press. Look Inside :: buy